Toxicology and Pharmacology Summit

Metabolomics is the large-scale study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, within cells, biofluids , tissues or organisms. Collectively, these small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are known as the metabolome. Metabolomics is a powerful approach because metabolites and their concentrations, unlike other measures, directly reflect the underlying biochemical activity and state of tissues. Thus metabolomics best represents the molecular. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteomes. A proteome is a set of proteins produced in an organism, system, or biological context . We may refer to, for instance, the proteome of a species or an organ. The proteome is not constant; it differs from cell to cell and changes over time. To some degree, the proteome reflects the underlying transcriptase. However, protein activity is also modulated by many factors in addition to the expression level of the relevant gene. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Aflatoxins  are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops such as maize, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus , which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Drug-induced pulmonary toxicity is a diagnosis of exclusion. This condition can be suspected if the patient has been exposed to a likely causative drug, develops new signs and symptoms, and has a remittence of these symptoms once the drug is withheld For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Food toxicology  describes toxicants or toxins found in foods. Nutritional toxicology can refer to how the diet or components of the diet prevent against the adverse effects of toxicants or toxins. In a similar manner nutrient taken in higher doses can cause  Nutrition toxicology . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

The goal of  preclinical safety assessment  should be to provide some assurance that patients will be protected from any unacceptable risks by defining  safe and active doses. These data have been useful in providing some assurance that severe adverse effects would not be induced in patients. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

The purpose of  genotoxicity  testing is to determine if a substrate will influence genetic material or may cause cancer. They can be performed in bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells . With the knowledge from the tests, one can control early development of vulnerable organisms to genotoxic substances. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Genotoxic chemotherapy  is the treatment of cancer with the use of one or more  genotoxic drugs . The treatment is traditionally part of standardized regime. By utilizing the destructive properties of genotoxins treatments aims to induce DNA damage into cancer cells . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Toxicity predictions in the Impurities Package offer greater insight into the safety of impurities providing information on toxic endpoints, reflecting various mechanisms of hazardous activity including: Mutagenicity , Clastogenicity, DNA damage mechanisms, Carcinogenicity , Endocrine disruption mechanisms. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Hepatotoxicity implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug -induced liver injury is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents. Certain medicinal agents , when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the organ. Other chemical agents, such as those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals and herbal remedies can also induce hepatotoxicity. Chemicals that cause liver injury are called hepatotoxins. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications , on renal function. There are various forms, and some drugs may affect renal function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with the fact that some medications have a predominantly renal excretion and need their dose adjusted for the decreased renal function. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Endocrine toxicity  results when a chemical interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action, or elimination of hormones necessary for endocrine functions resulting in loss of normal tissue function, development, growth, or reproduction . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Toxic substances can disrupt the respiratory system and distant organs after chemicals enter the body by means of inhalation . Pathological changes in the respiratory tract also can be a target of blood-borne agents . Inhalation toxicology refers to the route of exposure, whereas respiratory toxicology refers to target organ toxicity. Lung tissue can be injured directly or secondarily by metabolic products from organic compounds. However, the most important effect of many toxic inhalants is to place an undue oxidation burden on the lungs. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Target organ toxins  are chemicals that can cause adverse effects or disease states manifested in specific organs of the body. Toxins do not affect all organs in the body to the same extent due to their different cell structures . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Drug development is time consuming and costly. In principle, if all the processes are straight-forward, a drug can be developed in a seven year period. In practice, drug development takes in excess of twelve years. Procedures are tightly regulated both for safety and to ensure drugs are effective. Of the many compounds studied with the potential to become a medicine , most are eliminated during the initial research phases. Clinical trials follow extensive research using in vitro and animal studies. Even so, many drugs are withdrawn or fail, never becoming approved as medicines. Common reasons include side-effects, the drug proving less effective than hoped or lacking financial viability. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Systems Toxicology as a branch of science that aims to quantitatively understand, model, and predict the response of cells to external stimuli and expand this to model organ and body systems. Within the context of chemical exposure measurements and a causal succession of molecular events linking exposures with toxicity and eventual disease outcome, Systems Toxicology allows us to build a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which biological systems respond to toxicants , and to use this understanding to assess the risk of chemicals, drugs and consumer products. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Analytical toxicology can assist in the diagnosis, management, prognosis, and prevention of poisoning. In addition analytical toxicology laboratories may be involved in a range of other activities such as the assessment of exposure following chemical incidents, therapeutic drug monitoring, forensic analyses, and monitoring for drugs of abuse. They may also be involved in research, for example in determining the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic properties of substances or the efficacy of new treatment regimens. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Mechanistic toxicology is the study of how chemical or physical agents interact with living organisms to cause toxicity. At Sygnature Discovery, our teams in Bioscience , DMPK and Discovery Toxicology combine efforts to unravel the mechanisms of toxicity of drug candidates to prevent toxicity and design more desirable chemicals . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Toxicity is the measure of the ability of a pesticide to cause injury. There are two types of toxicity: acute and chronic . Acute toxicity of a pesticide is determined by subjecting laboratory animals to different dosages or concentrations of the active ingredient. Tests are also conducted to assess the impact through the skin, through inhalation, and orally. Test results are then used to classify pesticides into one of four toxicity categories. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Heavy metals , like arsenic, lead, mercury, and others, are all around us. They’re in the ground we walk on, in the water we drink, and in the products we use every day. But high levels of most heavy metals can make you sick. True heavy metal poisoning is rare in the United States. And experts say you should be careful about unproven heavy metal tests or “detox” treatments you find online. They may waste your money, and some could be dangerous. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

A foodborne infection is an inflammation of the stomach and bowels. The infection can happen when you eat or drink something that is contaminated by a bacteria, virus or parasite. Often the inflammation leads to diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal cramps and sometimes fevers. A foodborne infection can last between one and three days. Many foodborne infections occur at people’s homes, simply due to poor hygiene . It’s as easy as this: preparing food without hand washing after visiting the toilet d food. Cross-contamination is also a risk, for instance if raw meat and lettuce are both chopped on the same cutting board. Even using the same knife to chop both could cause contamination by foodborne pathogens. Eating meat or fish that is not cooked all the way through, or eating raw shellfish, increases the risk of food-borne infections. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.glob

Food irradiation is the process of exposing food and food packaging to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation, such as from gamma rays, x-rays, or electron beams, is energy that can be transmitted without direct contact to the source of the energy capable of freeing electrons from their atomic bonds in the targeted food. The radiation can be emitted by a radioactive substance or generated electrically. This treatment is used to improve food safety by extending product shelf-life, reducing the risk of foodborne illness , delaying or eliminating sprouting or ripening, by sterilization of foods, and as a means of controlling insects and invasive pests. Food irradiation primarily extends the shelf-life of irradiated foods by effectively destroying organisms responsible for spoilage and foodborne illness and inhibiting sprouting. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/tox

Medical toxicology is a subspecialty of medicine focusing on toxicology and providing the diagnosis, management, and prevention of poisoning and other adverse effects due to medications , occupational and environmental toxicants, and biological agents. Medical toxicologists are involved in the assessment and treatment of a wide variety of problems including acute or chronic poisoning, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug overdoses, envenomation’s , substance abuse, industrial accidents, and other chemical exposures. Its practitioners are physicians, whose primary specialization is generally in emergency medicine, occupational medicine , or pediatrics . Medical toxicology is closely related to clinical toxicology , with the latter discipline encompassing non-physicians as well. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract

Toxicology plays a major role in the development of regulations and other occupational health policies. In order to prevent occupational injury and illness, decisions are increasingly based upon information obtainable prior to or in the absence of the types of human exposures that would yield definitive information on risk such as epidemiology studies. In addition, toxicological studies, as described in this chapter, can provide precise information on dose and response under the controlled conditions of laboratory research; this information is often difficult to obtain in the uncontrolled setting of occupational exposures. However, this information must be carefully evaluated in order to estimate the likelihood of adverse effects in humans, the nature of these adverse effects, and the quantitative relationship between exposures and effects. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme

Medicines have an effect on the body, and these types of chemical often have other undesirable side effects . This makes designing safe new medicines particularly difficult. Many new medicines fail in development because the safety concerns outweigh the benefits of the treatment so, to reduce wasted time and effort, toxicologists join the drug development team early in order to help screen out targets and chemicals that would be ultimately unsafe for use in patients. Later in drug development, toxicologists conduct a series of tests so that they can show regulators that the intended drug is safe to use for its intended application. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Metabolism is a biotransformation process, where endogenous and exogenous compounds are converted to more polar products to facilitate their elimination from the body. The process of metabolism is divided into 3 phases. Phase I metabolism involves functionalization reactions. Phase II drug metabolism is a conjugation reaction. Phase III refers to transporter-mediated elimination of drug and/or metabolites from body normally via liver, gut, kidney, or lung. This review presents basic information on drug-metabolizing enzymes and potential factors that might affect the metabolic capacities of the enzyme or alter drug response or drug-mediated toxicities . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Drug safety in the development process, new biomarkers are needed which can reduce the time-consuming process and cost of drug development. Traditional indicators of target organ toxicity used in preclinical drug safety studies consist of a battery of clinical pathology parameters in blood and urine coupled with histopathologic examination of altered tissues. Researching the translational safety biomarker is a process that investigates one characteristic of the biomarker, i.e. noninvasive, and translates between species. The safety biomarker should be validated and preclinically and clinically qualified. Several kidney biomarkers in the context of preclinical development and clinical trials are presented in this chapter. Application of safety biomarkers in different phases of drug development, in particular for kidney, liver, heart, vascular vessels, lung, central nervous system, and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism, is described. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conferenc

Aquatic toxicology is the study of the effects of manufactured chemicals and other anthropogenic and natural materials and activities on aquatic organisms at various levels of organization, from subcellular through individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. Aquatic toxicology is a multidisciplinary field which integrates toxicology, aquatic ecology and aquatic chemistry. Aquatic toxicology tests are used to provide qualitative and quantitative data on adverse effects on aquatic organisms from a toxicant . Toxicity tests can be used to assess the potential for damage to an aquatic environment and provide a database that can be used to assess the risk associated with in a situation for a specific toxicant. Aquatic toxicology tests can be performed in the field or in the laboratory. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conferen

Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health. This field seeks to understand how various external risk factors may predispose to or protect against disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities, or death. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Phytotoxicity is a toxic effect by a compound on plant growth. Such damage may be caused by a wide variety of compounds, including trace metals, salinity, pesticides, phytotoxins or allelochemicals . High concentrations of mineral salts in solution within the growing medium can have phytotoxic effects. Sources of excessive mineral salts include infiltration of seawater and excessive application of fertilizers. For example, urea is used in agriculture as a nitrogenous fertilizer , but if too much is applied, phytotoxic effects can result, either by urea toxicity or by the "ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea by soil urease". Acid soils may contain high concentrations of aluminium (as Al3+) and manganese (as Mn2+) which can be phytotoxic. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contac

Veterinary Zootoxicology provides an excellent overview of the state of the art in venom research. Clinical problems encountered in the United States are emphasized, but situations that occur in other areas of the world are examined as well. The book describes clinical syndromes caused by poisonous animals and provides facts, techniques, methodologies, and regimens designed to improve the clinical management of animals envenomated by other animals. Veterinary Zootoxicology is ideal for practicing veterinarians, students, instructors, wildlife biologists, and others who must know how to evaluate, diagnose, and treat envenomated animals . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Entomotoxicology is the analysis of toxins in arthropods (mainly flies and beetles) that feed on carrion. Using arthropods in a corpse or at a crime scene, investigators can determine whether toxins were present in a body at the time of death. This technique is a major advance in forensics; previously, such determinations were impossible in the case of severely decomposed bodies devoid of intoxicated tissue and bodily fluids. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Poisons are substances that cause death, injury or harm to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity. Poisons include highly toxic chemicals not meant for human ingestion or contact, such as cyanide, paint thinners, or household cleaning products. Many poisons, however, are substances meant for humans to eat, including foods and medicines . For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Predictive toxicology approaches can be tailored to meet specific client goals for a given assessment and have applications in environmental and human health risk assessment and chemical hazard identification, as well as for safer product design, pharmaceutical safety assessment, and regulatory compliance or comment. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology- conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe the full process is risk assessment : Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm; Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard; Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated. Overall, the goal of hazard identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your workplace. It may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not – this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the inspection. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract

Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminants of interest and the organisms being considered. These are the final steps in the path to release an environmental contaminant, through transport to its effect in a biological system . It tries to measure how much of a contaminant can be absorbed by an exposed target organism, in what form, at what rate and how much of the absorbed amount is actually available to produce a biological effect. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

The toxicity assessment portion is where toxicologic pathologist is most directly involved. This stage of risk assessment involves identifying potential hazards and developing dose–response information for effects of interest. In environmental assessments , the critical effect is used to develop reference values that represent doses below which significant adverse effects are not expected under the anticipated exposure conditions. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Biochemical toxicologists investigate enzyme mechanisms, regulation of drug metabolism genes, genetic factors that cause individual differences in responsiveness to xenobiotics , features that cause drug/ drug interactions , and bioactivation of xenobiotics to toxic intermediates.  Much of this research is focused on enzymes, transporters, and cellular processes in specific organs, such as liver, lung, brain, and intestine. Biochemical and molecular biological techniques are used to identify and characterize genetic and environmental factors that interact to produce adverse side effects of drugs. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Molecular toxicology is a field concerned with the effects of various chemical components on living organisms. Careers in molecular toxicology can include the applied fields of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals , as well as academic research. Molecular toxicology involves studying biophysics and biochemistry heavily as well as applying the knowledge in laboratory and environmental settings. Programs in the field of molecular toxicology study the effects of chemicals on living microscopic organisms. This form of toxicology examines both naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals. Also considered are the effects of genetic, physiologic and environmental factors on organisms. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

Toxicity tests use specific aquatic and terrestrial microorganisms to measure biological response to specific contaminants or mixes of contaminants. The toxicity test measures the light output of luminescent microorganisms that emit light as a normal consequence of respiration. A luminometer reads the bacterial light output. Chemicals or chemical mixtures, which are toxic to the bacteria, cause a reduction in light output proportional to the strength of the toxin. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com

The toxicity of a pesticide is its capacity or ability to cause injury or illness. The toxicity of a particular pesticide is determined by subjecting test animals to varying dosages of the active ingredient and each of its formulated products. The active ingredient is the chemical component in the pesticide product that controls the pest. The two types of toxicity are acute and chronic . Acute toxicity of a pesticide refers to the chemical's ability to cause injury to a person or animal from a single exposure, generally of short duration. The four routes of exposure are dermal, inhalation, oral and eyes. Acute toxicity is determined by examining the dermal toxicity, inhalation toxicity, and oral toxicity of test animals. In addition, eye and skin irritation are also examined. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstra

Toxic chemical as any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled ingested or absorbed through the skin. Many toxic chemicals occur in nature. For example, plants produce toxic chemicals to protect themselves from pests. Animals produce toxins for protection and to capture prey. In other cases, toxic chemicals are simply a by-product of metabolism. Some  natural elements  and minerals are poisonous. For more: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/ For abstract submission: http://www.globalepisteme.org/Conference/toxicology-pharmacology-conference/submitabstract Contact us: toxicology@globalepisteme.com